Most gunshot wounds to the spine are stable i.e., they do not carry as much risk of excessive and potentially dangerous motion of the injured parts of the spine. Open or penetrating injuries to the spine and spinal cord, especially those caused by firearms, may present somewhat different challenges. The latter may produce neurological symptoms, including numbness, tingling, electric shock-like sensations and burning in the extremities. Football players are especially susceptible to spinal concussions and spinal cord contusions. These can be complete or incomplete, but spinal cord dysfunction is transient, generally resolving within one or two days. The more severe the injury, the less likely a recovery will occur. ASIA D: a motor incomplete injury with more than half of the muscle groups are anti-gravity.

ASIA C: a motor incomplete injury, where there is some movement, but less than half the muscle groups are anti-gravity (can lift up against the force of gravity with a full range of motion).ASIA B: a sensory incomplete injury with complete motor function loss.ASIA A: injury is complete spinal cord injury with no sensory or motor function preserved.

SCIs are graded according to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grading scale, which describes the severity of the injury. A person with an incomplete injury may be able to move one arm or leg more than the other or may have more functioning on one side of the body than the other. In an incomplete SCI, some function remains below the primary level of the injury.

More commonly, loss of function is caused by a contusion or bruise to the spinal cord or by compromise of blood flow to the injured part of the spinal cord. Even with a complete SCI, the spinal cord is rarely cut or transected. Both sides of the body are equally affected. A complete SCI produces total loss of all motor and sensory function below the level of injury.

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